Disease Information for Diffuse axonal injury/Acute brain trauma
AXONAL INJ DIFFUSE, Axonal Injuries Diffuse, Axonal Injury Diffuse, DAI (Diffuse Axonal Injury), DAIs (Diffuse Axonal Injury), DIFFUSE AXONAL INJ, Diffuse Axonal Injuries, Diffuse Axonal Injury, Injuries Diffuse Axonal, Injury Diffuse Axonal
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AXONAL INJ DIFFUSE, Axonal Injuries Diffuse, Axonal Injury Diffuse, DAI (Di... (more)
unconsciousness continues after severe trauma with imaging indicating only edema; coma after severe closed head injury more common in children than adults;
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Diffuse axonal injury results from acceleration-deceleration forces with shearing and tearing of axons (white matter) and disruption of myelin sheaths; Diffuse cerebral edema results, often without obvious evidence of bleeding; It is one of the most common severe brain injuries in childhood, occurring much more often than intracranial hematomas; Diffuse axonal injury results in diffuse cerebral edema, and the child presents with a globally depressed level of consciousness; Long-term sequelae often result; Increase in intracranial pressure from edema may result in pupillary abnormalities, bradycardia, hypertension, and respiratory and hemodynamic abnormalities;
-----------------merck manual 17th website 2006]-----
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is one of the most common and devastating types of brain injury occurring in almost half of all cases of severe head trauma ; It is a type of diffuse brain injury, meaning that damage occurs over a more widespread area than in focal brain injury. DAI, which refers to extensive lesions in white matter tracts, is one of the major causes of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state after head trauma;
Though diffuse axonal injury seldom leads to death, the outcome is frequently coma with over 90% of patients with severe DAI never regaining consciousness; Those that do wake up often remain significantly impaired ; Unlike brain trauma that occurs due to direct impact and deformation of the brain, DAI is the result of traumatic shearing forces that occur when the head is rapidly accelerated or decelerated, as may occur in auto accidents, falls, and assaults Misalignment of cytoskeletal elements after stretch injury can lead to tearing of the axon and death of the neuron
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Demographics & Risk Factors[next]
- Population Group
- Population/Pediatrics population
- Sex & Age Groups
- Population/Child-Infant Only
- Population/Children/all
- Population Group
Clinical Manifestations[previous][top][next]
- Typical Clinical Presentation
- Presentation/Child Concussion CSF pressure high/coma continues
- Disease Progression
- Course/Catastrophic presentation/onset
- Course/Continued/persistant symptoms occur
- Course/Lethal possible/not usual
- Course/Persistant/symptoms possible
- Course/Spontaneous remission possible
- Signs & Symptoms
- Child
- Brief Blood pressure increase/sign:
- High blood pressure child
- Slow pulse/Bradycardia
- Night sweats
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Vomiting in Children
- Altered mental status/Mental status change
- Inattention
- Bradypnea/Decreased respiratory rate
- Fatigue/chronic
- Fatigue/Tiredness in Children
- Pupillary abnormalities/signs
- Typical Clinical Presentation
Associated Diseases & Rule outs[previous][top][next]
- Associated Disease & Complications
- Acute subdural hematoma/hemorrhage
- Amnesia
- Cerebral edema
- Coma in Children
- Coma/Unconscious
- Corpus callosum defect/agenesis
- Diffuse axonal injury/acute brain trauma
- Herniation brain/across falx
- Herniation/Brainstem/peduncles/cerebellar tonsils
- Herniation/Temporal lobe/tentorum
- Hypertension in a child
- Increased CNS pressure/Intracranial hypertension
- Vegetative state/status
- Sudden Death Young Athlete
- Traumatic Brain Syndrome
- Associated Disease & Complications
Disease Mechanism & Classification[previous][top][next]
- Class
- CLASS/Brain/CNS disorder (ex)
- CLASS/Cerebral cortex disorder (ex)
- CLASS/Corpus callosum defect/agenesis
- CLASS/Neurologic (category)
- CLASS/Temporal lobe disorder (ex)
- CLASS/Frontal sinus involvement
- Pathophysiology
- Pathophysiology/Axon degeneration nerve endings
- Pathophysiology/Calpain-Spectrin mediated proteolysis-CMSP
- Pathophysiology/Corpus callosum defect
- Pathophysiology/Secondary biochemical cascade
- Pathophysiology/Severe acceleration-deceleration forces
- Pathophysiology/White matter grey matter interface lesions
- Process
- PROCESS/Acceleration/rotational trauma (ex)
- PROCESS/Blunt trauma process (ex)
- PROCESS/Trauma (category)
- PROCESS/CNS/White matter disorder (ex)
- Class
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- Synonym
- Synonym/DAI syndrome (TBI)
- Synonym
External Links Related to Diffuse axonal injury/Acute brain trauma[previous][top]
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